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Iraq: The real battle is to persuade Sunnis they can be truly equal citizens
06/15/20140
A non-sectarian Iraq is possible, even now – in spite of what Isis wants Iraqis to believe
Fighting back: Iraqi men chant slogans against Isis outside an army recruiting centre in Baghdad last week.
The revival of civil war in Iraq is not about ancient sectarian hatreds – that is what the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant – Isis – wants you to think. It is a hardcore ideological group exploiting the political disaffection of one community to stoke sectarian war. Iraq's broken political system and the failure of its political elite to prioritise reconciliation over personal gain has led to a collapse of faith in the political system, leaving Iraq vulnerable to this sectarian propaganda. But if the Iraqi government buys the Isis narrative and treats Sunnis as implacable opponents of Shias, Isis will have succeeded in stoking the civil war it has so desired.
Ever since the formation of Iraq as a nation-state by European powers, it has been easy to dismiss it as an artificial country that was bound to fail. A Sunni elite was installed to govern over a majority Shia population and a restive Kurdish community that had fought and lost the battle for independence. But throughout Iraqi history, the importance of identity has waxed and waned according to changing political realities.
At times, when Iraq's political battle lines divided communists from nationalists, and nationalists from Ba'athists, identity seemed incidental and even passe. Many Iraqis grew up in households where it was rude to refer to people's sectarian identity, and where intermarriage created large families of mixed religious practice.
However, at other times, when the presence of distinct ethnic and religious groups was seen as posing a threat to the political establishment, identity became more important. During the Iran-Iraq war, the Ba'athist government feared that Iraqi Shias would sympathise with their co-religionists in Iran and unleashed waves of repression against them.
When coalition forces stormed Iraq in 2003 they found a society devastated by decades of war, deprivation and brutal Ba'athist rule. The war itself deeply divided Iraqi society, pitting those who saw it as Iraq's salvation against others who decried it as a neocolonial invasion.
The Shia and Kurdish communities, who had suffered most at the hands of the Ba'athist regime, tended to celebrate their entry into power, while the Sunnis, who had dominated Iraq's power structures for generations, overwhelmingly rejected the new Iraq. Sunnis, and some Shias, fought against the presence of coalition troops. But this violence was quickly exploited by al-Qaida affiliates, some foreign and some Iraqi, who gained a foothold in despondent Sunni heartlands.
These hardcore ideologues began to target Shias in mass-casualty bomb attacks with the explicit desire to stoke civil war. They believed that a civil war in Iraq would force Sunni Muslim countries around the world to defend Sunnism, and somehow lead to the revival of the Islamic caliphate. These aims were antithetical to the beliefs of the vast majority of the Sunni population, but as more and more Shias were violently killed by Islamist militants, they began to fight back indiscriminately. The cycle of revenge led to a horrific civil war in which countless innocent Iraqis were slaughtered.
But that civil war ended. Iraqi Sunnis realised that al-Qaida in Iraq was an abominable entity that, by stoking civil conflict, was threatening to bring about the extermination of Iraq's minority Sunni community. Together with the support of coalition forces, local Iraqi Sunni leaders fought al-Qaida and won, driving them out of the country or into hiding. Iraqi Sunnis began to vote and to field candidates in the parliamentary elections. Iraqi politicians started to brand themselves as cross-sectarian nationalists who wanted to build a unified Iraq.
The parliamentary elections in 2010 represented the apex of hope for a new future in which Iraqis would live and prosper together. The prime minister Nouri al-Maliki's Shia-dominated State of Law coalition went head to head against former prime minister Ayad Allawi's Sunni-dominated Iraqiya coalition. Iraqiya won and Sunnis were ecstatic. It had seemed impossible that a largely Sunni coalition could win at the ballot box, and the prospect of a new government that reflected the priorities of Iraq's Sunni community was mesmerising. It wasn't to be. Maliki outmanoeuvered the winning coalition and managed to stay prime minister.
Isis is not the army of Iraq's Sunnis, it is an extraordinarily dangerous entity that is exploiting the alienation of Iraq's Sunni community to provoke a second civil war in Iraq. Retracing the terrible path trodden by al-Qaida in 2005 and 2006, Isis is once again inflicting mass-casualty attacks on Shia civilians and threatening Shia shrines. Now thousands of young Shia men are joining Shia militias and, unless dramatic action is taken by the Iraqi government, it is only a matter of time before unfettered sectarian bloodletting begins.
Although it is extraordinarily difficult at a time when Iraqis are under attack, the Iraqi government needs to resist the sectarian Isis narrative and to recognise that Isis is distinct from Iraq's Sunni community. Iraqi Sunnis don't want to be governed by Isis, they don't support the massacre of Shia civilians and they don't want another civil war. But they also don't believe there is a place for them in Maliki's Iraq. Iraq's politicians must persuade them that a future does exist in which Sunnis can participate as equal citizens in an Iraqi state, and that this is something worth fighting for.
Dr Nussaibah Younis is International Security Program research fellow at Belfer Centre for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
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06/15/20140
A non-sectarian Iraq is possible, even now – in spite of what Isis wants Iraqis to believe
Fighting back: Iraqi men chant slogans against Isis outside an army recruiting centre in Baghdad last week.
The revival of civil war in Iraq is not about ancient sectarian hatreds – that is what the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant – Isis – wants you to think. It is a hardcore ideological group exploiting the political disaffection of one community to stoke sectarian war. Iraq's broken political system and the failure of its political elite to prioritise reconciliation over personal gain has led to a collapse of faith in the political system, leaving Iraq vulnerable to this sectarian propaganda. But if the Iraqi government buys the Isis narrative and treats Sunnis as implacable opponents of Shias, Isis will have succeeded in stoking the civil war it has so desired.
Ever since the formation of Iraq as a nation-state by European powers, it has been easy to dismiss it as an artificial country that was bound to fail. A Sunni elite was installed to govern over a majority Shia population and a restive Kurdish community that had fought and lost the battle for independence. But throughout Iraqi history, the importance of identity has waxed and waned according to changing political realities.
At times, when Iraq's political battle lines divided communists from nationalists, and nationalists from Ba'athists, identity seemed incidental and even passe. Many Iraqis grew up in households where it was rude to refer to people's sectarian identity, and where intermarriage created large families of mixed religious practice.
However, at other times, when the presence of distinct ethnic and religious groups was seen as posing a threat to the political establishment, identity became more important. During the Iran-Iraq war, the Ba'athist government feared that Iraqi Shias would sympathise with their co-religionists in Iran and unleashed waves of repression against them.
When coalition forces stormed Iraq in 2003 they found a society devastated by decades of war, deprivation and brutal Ba'athist rule. The war itself deeply divided Iraqi society, pitting those who saw it as Iraq's salvation against others who decried it as a neocolonial invasion.
The Shia and Kurdish communities, who had suffered most at the hands of the Ba'athist regime, tended to celebrate their entry into power, while the Sunnis, who had dominated Iraq's power structures for generations, overwhelmingly rejected the new Iraq. Sunnis, and some Shias, fought against the presence of coalition troops. But this violence was quickly exploited by al-Qaida affiliates, some foreign and some Iraqi, who gained a foothold in despondent Sunni heartlands.
These hardcore ideologues began to target Shias in mass-casualty bomb attacks with the explicit desire to stoke civil war. They believed that a civil war in Iraq would force Sunni Muslim countries around the world to defend Sunnism, and somehow lead to the revival of the Islamic caliphate. These aims were antithetical to the beliefs of the vast majority of the Sunni population, but as more and more Shias were violently killed by Islamist militants, they began to fight back indiscriminately. The cycle of revenge led to a horrific civil war in which countless innocent Iraqis were slaughtered.
But that civil war ended. Iraqi Sunnis realised that al-Qaida in Iraq was an abominable entity that, by stoking civil conflict, was threatening to bring about the extermination of Iraq's minority Sunni community. Together with the support of coalition forces, local Iraqi Sunni leaders fought al-Qaida and won, driving them out of the country or into hiding. Iraqi Sunnis began to vote and to field candidates in the parliamentary elections. Iraqi politicians started to brand themselves as cross-sectarian nationalists who wanted to build a unified Iraq.
The parliamentary elections in 2010 represented the apex of hope for a new future in which Iraqis would live and prosper together. The prime minister Nouri al-Maliki's Shia-dominated State of Law coalition went head to head against former prime minister Ayad Allawi's Sunni-dominated Iraqiya coalition. Iraqiya won and Sunnis were ecstatic. It had seemed impossible that a largely Sunni coalition could win at the ballot box, and the prospect of a new government that reflected the priorities of Iraq's Sunni community was mesmerising. It wasn't to be. Maliki outmanoeuvered the winning coalition and managed to stay prime minister.
Isis is not the army of Iraq's Sunnis, it is an extraordinarily dangerous entity that is exploiting the alienation of Iraq's Sunni community to provoke a second civil war in Iraq. Retracing the terrible path trodden by al-Qaida in 2005 and 2006, Isis is once again inflicting mass-casualty attacks on Shia civilians and threatening Shia shrines. Now thousands of young Shia men are joining Shia militias and, unless dramatic action is taken by the Iraqi government, it is only a matter of time before unfettered sectarian bloodletting begins.
Although it is extraordinarily difficult at a time when Iraqis are under attack, the Iraqi government needs to resist the sectarian Isis narrative and to recognise that Isis is distinct from Iraq's Sunni community. Iraqi Sunnis don't want to be governed by Isis, they don't support the massacre of Shia civilians and they don't want another civil war. But they also don't believe there is a place for them in Maliki's Iraq. Iraq's politicians must persuade them that a future does exist in which Sunnis can participate as equal citizens in an Iraqi state, and that this is something worth fighting for.
Dr Nussaibah Younis is International Security Program research fellow at Belfer Centre for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
TYVC
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