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D. Kaddouri morning *: international accounting standards and their impact on the reform of the accounting
Published in 03/23/2014 Summary:
Today's economic policy is directed toward the Iraqi liberalism and openness to foreign markets. The transition to the administrative decentralization in the management of the economy, and the methodology of the transition to a market economy. This requires the implementation of economic policy to the existence of administrative and financial control of government effective and popular, so as not to deviate and turn into the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption. But in fact the concrete, contributed to poor translation of the application of this policy is in fact the Iraqi economy, worsen the system financial and administrative corruption in public and private institutions, both governmental and party, especially after the occupation in 2003.
Faced with this situation the greater the need to think about making the repairs necessary in the Iraqi economy, including the accounting system. It will be the application of international accounting standards one factor that openness towards the development of an accounting system that eliminates the problem of corruption in Iraq, and before that will contribute to the unification of the multiple accounting systems in place in both the public and private sectors, in order to facilitate the work of qualitative and controlled him. Perhaps it was claimed in the development of methods of financial supervision and quality, and also in the modernization of the professional capacity of the workers in the fields of accounting and management in the new Iraq.
This situation requires the transition to a new economy of accounting, and the use of new tools to address the function of the accounting system, in order to provide accounting information that meets the needs of investors, owners, financiers and others.
Abstract Abstract
Today, Iraq's economic policy is leaning towards liberalism and openness to foreign investment. Today, Iraq's economic policy is leaning towards liberalism and openness to foreign investment. The transition to decentralization and market economy is in process, but not without costs. The transition to decentralization and market economy is in process, but not without costs.
The financial and administrative system in Iraq is infested with corruption at all levels, especially after the occupation in 2003.This fatal situation requires the much needed reforms of the financial system, and thereby the accounting system. The financial and administrative system in Iraq is infested with corruption at all levels, especially after the occupation in 2003.This fatal situation requires the much needed reforms of the financial system, and thereby the accounting system. The application of international accounting standards could be one of the key factors in the development process of a multi-applicable accounting system, and the fight against corruption. The application of international accounting standards could be one of the key factors in the development process of a multi-applicable accounting system, and the fight against corruption.
The implementation of contemporary accounting methods would not only enforce control and quality capabilities, but also the professional capacity of workers in the field of accounting and administration. The implementation of contemporary accounting methods would not only enforce control and quality capabilities, but also the professional capacity of workers in the field of accounting and administration.
The situation requires a move towards a new accounting system, and the use of new tools to address the challenges of the current situation. The situation requires a move towards a new accounting system, and the use of new tools to address the challenges of the current situation. It is in the country's interest, that the accounting system can provide relevant and up to date information, which can fulfil the needs of investors, financiers and others. It is in the country's interest, that the accounting system can provide relevant and up to date information, which can fulfil the needs of investors, financiers and others.
Foreword:
The emergence of the accounting system of the world record, is essential for the development of the science and art of accounting, and move away from all the negatives facing different accounting methods in many countries, including Iraq. The application of this system will raise the level of awareness undoubtedly among officials and legislators in the departments and institutions and economic units of the state, and in the management of the business units. Since the adoption of these accounting standards provide a reference one and steady. And contribute to the promotion of the accounting profession globally. In the development of strong international economies, by establishing and promoting adherence to professional standards of high quality, and promote international convergence between these standards and the expression of issues of public interest and social responsibility, where professional experience more convenient. The system also provides a process to ensure the safety and economic transactions and interpretation of information. The disclosure provides a financially easy to understand and read and processed and dealt with, and hold accountable those responsible in the government on the basis of. It also lays the foundations standardized process evaluation and comparison and unifying principles and asset accounting rules in light of the complexity of economic relations, and as a result of the rapid development that occurs in the field of communications and information technology, as well as the trend towards liberal global economic relations through increasing openness of the market economic model - free.
The importance of research:
The significance of this research, the cognitive approach to analytical and descriptive, which leads to crystallization visualize logical and implementation mechanisms for the development of the accounting system, by emphasizing the need to take advantage of the application of international accounting standards in the Iraqi economy and its importance. Especially since the system exacerbate financial and administrative corruption in Iraq, especially after the occupation in 2003, undoubtedly will make the application of international accounting standards one of the factors, but the real key to the development of an accounting system that would eliminate this problem. . Especially since the economic situation of the current Iraqi may be eligible, taking into account the role of professional organizations, national accounting, and government programs, universities and research centers competent to apply it, and its impact on the reforms necessary and important in the economic structure and in the accounting systems currently in place.
Find a problem:
Can be summarized research problem studying the possibility of adopting these standards in the public and private sectors, and in the opportunities for its application to fit and adapt to the environment, national, and directed the Iraqi economy toward liberalism, and administrative decentralization, and the application of market economic model, specifying that the need to make necessary reforms and important structure of the economy and the system Iraqi accounting.
Aim of the research:
The objective of this research, is represented that the adoption of these standards, you will achieve the principle of compatibility between systems of accounting and financial reporting multiple force in Iraq, which get organized various sources, such as the law of trade tax, the law of the general budget of the state, the Code of Public Accounts departments and institutions in the sector General and associations, and the laws of business and management units in the private sector, and others.
Research Hypothesis:
The research hypothesis lies in the idea of the following, in order to lead the accounting system and the real effective role in the Iraqi economy, we have to take advantage of the application of these standards, including undoubtedly contributes to the unification of the multiple accounting systems in place in both the public and private sectors. And then to improve the methods of financial control, quality and curriculum of both theoretical and applied research and development of all. The hypothesis considers that this will raise the efficiency of the financial and accounting, administrative and productivity, as well as in professional development for workers in the field of accounting.
Themes:
In light of the foregoing, it can be summed up the following themes: -
Axis I: Characterization of intensive economic situation in the new Iraq.
The second axis: Imprint accounting systems in Iraq.
The third axis: a brief and intense narrative about the historical development of the accounting system, and functions.
The fourth axis: international accounting standards, and the possibility of adoption and utilization of applications in the Iraqi economy.
Axis V: Conclusion and proposals
Axis I: Characterization of intensive economic situation in the new Iraq
Today's knowledge-based economy plays a large role in the economies of developed countries. It has become more influential in the life of the other factors, physical and natural. And play technology, especially information technology, including a prominent and important role in the growth and development of the knowledge economy. The writer says William any. Hilal and his colleague Kenneth b. Taylor in their book marked "century economy atheist Twenty - the economic outlook - Social Commission for a changing world:" Today, it became clear the fact that knowledge, especially knowledge economies are originally the most strategic in the units, and a source of creativity and innovation, values and social progress - any resource that is inexhaustible. "
Valastaana concepts of knowledge economy, helps us to recognize the real to some of the features of the economic system of Iraq at the current stage and activities, and through the analysis and hosted and draw the consequences of its performance, and to develop a strategy and a clear and transparent to its activation, and the perception of the prospects for future development, through reforms and radical changes in structure for this sector, which is the lifeblood of Iraq's present and future. There is no doubt that these reforms should also include the accounting side, through the development of the accounting system and updated in both the public and private sectors.
Before we get into the subject of the possibility and necessity of the application of international accounting standards in Iraq, it is necessary to give a clear picture and intense, (without going into details), the nature of the economic system and Mikanzmh, are as follows: -
1. The current Iraqi economy, is the yield economy. This means subordination of the state or society of revenues generated from exports of natural resources, such as oil, which are the sources that play a prominent role in all the activities of the state. In other words, the State believes its budget based on the export of oil. Where the proportion of the contribution of the oil sector up to 50-60% of GDP. Oil revenues constitute more than 95% of the resources of the general budget of the state.
Predominance of consumer nature of economic activity, accompanied by a low level of productive activity, especially industrial, agricultural and imbalances and deficiencies in infrastructure for them, which contributes to the potential for disrupting the creation of capital accumulation of the economy in the foreseeable future.
Lack of vision and transparent strategy and / or a clear ideology in the process of economic and social development sustainable. The total resources of the Iraqi state since the occupation in 2003 so far, about 5 00, five hundred billion dollars, did not invest them, but the amounts are very few in the development of the productive sectors, especially industry and agriculture, and in the areas of building and rebuilding infrastructure, and / or bring in advanced technology, nor in improving and securing the necessary public services of health, education, drinking water, electricity and oil derivatives, nor to implement serious plans to eliminate mass unemployment. As it has been to dispel mostly in the projects and policies unrelated to the achievement of economic and social development and human development. It was also looted tens of billions of them by the occupiers and the corrupt mafia and the administrative levels and partisan.
Of mass destruction and programmer of infrastructure, as a result of the wars in the former era crazy and the U.S. occupation of Iraq and its allies in 2003.
The flow rates of the growing national income to the outside through the channels of foreign trade and corruption, and the unfair distribution of national income. It also kept the country's market for industrial goods, agricultural and foreign service without any controls. In addition to the continuing decline in the development and lower real incomes of the toiling masses. Kmaamq weakness of the middle class domestic producer of industrial capitalism.
Iraq occupied according to a report by Transparency International in 2011, ranked third in the world after Somalia and Afghanistan, in an outbreak of system administrative and financial corruption in, and exacerbated its severity after the occupation in 2003.
According to the report issued by the United Nations, the poverty rate in Iraq reached 17%. And the unemployment rate up to 20%, especially among young people, graduates and women, with six million Lamy. The inflation rate is still up 6%
Openness uncontrolled market economy, an approach that the current economic policy imposed on Iraq by the international financial institutions (World Bank and International Fund and the WTO). The poor performance of the public sector, especially in the reconstruction process, (infrastructure, and the introduction of modern technology, and basic services). The performance of the local private sector is also weak.
Weakness and limited sources of manpower and advanced with the necessary expertise in the production process. And weaknesses in infrastructure is also among other factors, impede the process of economic growth and development in Iraq.
(Summa de Arithmetica,Geometria,Proportioni et Proportionalita) (Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita) under the headings any principles (arithmetic, geometry, equal; equation and ratios), which was issued in the city of Venice (Venice) Italy Year 1494 + m. In 1581 founded the first Institute of Accounting in the city itself.
And relies on the essence of this theory in the principle of the debtor and the creditor, where
Came as one of the mathematical discoveries which say that each is in my account debit offset under my creditor, in other words, that the algebraic sum of the part of the debtor equal to the algebraic sum of by the creditor, and that the difference between the two is equal to zero, and thus retain the record of economic transactions budget in all its stages until reporting final financial accepted the report of the result, any profits and losses, and the balance sheet, which reflects the value of the means of production of economic unity and sources of financing, expressed the unity of cash at a specified time, taking into account the adjustment of these reports, in the event that the inflation rate high when preparation.
(Journal) ، And historically attributed to use of public journal (Journal), to record the transaction in accordance with the economic theory of double entry, for the first time, to the Italians. At the time associated with the development of the accounting records and transactions migrate from the Journal to the sub-ledgers called ledger (ledger), and Trshehadha, as the Englishmen. It also attributed the development diary with multiple columns and used in banks, and also in the development of cost accounting system and administrative, to the Americans. It also emerged after World War II social accounting and national accounting. And finally emerged Banks information to assist economic unity in the decision-making process.
(language of business The) ، cybernetics and informatics)، Accounting is considered today the language of business, (language of business The), and part of the information system of economic science quantitative, and Informatics, (Spirntek and Anformtk cybernetics and informatics), and today also applied the accounting system through electronic software developed that meet the requirements of the development and progress of society in the field of technology information.
Since then, the process taking place constantly develop and modernize the accounting system globally. Today it theoretically and practically has a significant relationship with the various human activities, economic, social, scientific and practical, and take its place among all the foundation of science. This resulted in the emergence of specialized branches to him, including all forms of human economic activity.
Accounting as a system on the one hand, and on the other hand shroud. Besides its theoretical and applied by another. The former is the theory, principles and accounting rules, and the other side consists of two parts, the first includes the laws and customs regulations, and the second is the technical side - double entry -, used in the production process of economic data and performance measurement and evaluation.
The installation of the accounting system, which determines its functionality. As it can be divided into the accounting system installation to the following subsystems: -
1- section tab and record economic transactions - bookkeeping.
2- Department of calculation, measurement of the economic resources of the unit - the cost accounting
3- accounting reports, is to produce data, view, and provide different administrative levels within and outside the economic unit with this information, for use in the process of economic decision-making and management.
4- financial analysis, the translation of these data in a practical way, to facilitate the process of economic decision-making and administrative final.
Can express these functions form the following: -
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